Scientific review finds asthma drugs suppress child growth

This is a well known potential side effect of inhaled corticosteroids, the most commonly prescribed asthma controller medication.  As indicated in this article, the effect seems "small and non-cumulative".  Moreover, this effect is not seen in all children.  It is critical to re-evaluate asthma periodically to be sure medication is still needed, and to reduce dosing when appropriate.  Dr. Susarla

Scientific review finds asthma drugs suppress child growth

(Reuters) - Corticosteroid drugs given via inhalers to children with asthma may suppress their growth, according to two systematic reviews of scientific studies on the issue.

Health experts who conducted the review and published it in The Cochrane Library journal found that children's growth slowed in the first year of treatment, although the effects were minimized by using lower doses.

Steroid-containing inhalers are prescribed as first-line treatments for adults and children with persistent asthma.

They are the most effective asthma control drugs and have been shown to reduce asthma deaths, hospital visits and improve quality of life by cutting the number and severity of attacks.

Yet their potential effect on children's growth is a source of worry for parents and doctors - a factor which prompted the Cochrane reviewers to analyze the evidence more closely.

"The evidence... suggests that children treated daily with inhaled corticosteroids may grow approximately half a centimeter less during the first year of treatment," said Linjie Zhang at the Federal University of Rio Grande in Brazil, who led the review. "But this effect is less pronounced in subsequent years, is not cumulative, and seems minor compared to the known benefits of the drugs for controlling asthma."

According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), some 235 million people worldwide suffer from asthma, a chronic disease which inflames and narrows the air passages of the lungs. The disease is common among children.

The first of the two systematic reviews focused on 25 trials involving 8,471 children up to 18 years old with mild to moderate persistent asthma. These trials tested almost all the available inhaled corticosteroids and showed they suppressed growth rates when compared to placebos or non-steroidal drugs.

Fourteen of the trials reported growth over a year and found the average growth rate, which was around 6 to 9 centimeters (2.4 to 3.5 inches)per year in control groups, was about 0.5 cm (0.2 inch) less in the groups of children being treated with inhaled steroids for asthma.

In the second review, researchers looked at data from 22 trials in which children were treated with low or medium doses of inhaled corticosteroids.

Only three trials followed 728 children for a year or more and the reviewers said they showed that using lower doses of inhaled corticosteroids, by about one puff per day, improved growth by around a quarter of a centimeter (0.1 inch) at one year.

Francine Ducharme of the University of Montreal in Canada, who worked on both reviews, said the findings were important and should prompt more frequent and detailed tracking of childhood asthma patients' growth.

"Only 14 percent of the trials we looked at monitored growth in a systematic way for over a year," she said. "This is a matter of major concern given the importance of this topic."

She said her team would recommend the minimal effective dose be used in children with asthma until further data becomes available. "Growth should be carefully documented in all children treated with inhaled corticosteroids, as well in all future trials testing (them) in children," she said.

Experts not directly involved in the reviews cautioned, however, that the growth effects were minimal and should not prompt asthma patients to stop taking their medication.

"These studies confirm what many have suspected, that inhaled steroids can suppress growth in children," said Jon Ayres, a professor of environmental and respiratory medicine at Britain's Birmingham University.

"However, the effect seems... small and non-cumulative and many may consider this a risk worth taking compared to the alternative, which is poorly controlled and therefore potentially life threatening asthma." 

Read article here

Scuba, flying trauma, ear infections ... What is a ruptured eardrum? How do you treat a ruptured ear drum?

Scuba, flying trauma, ear infections ...What is a ruptured eardrum?

Ruptured eardrum

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A ruptured eardrum is an opening or hole in the eardrum. The eardrum is a thin piece of tissue that separates the outer and middle ear. Damage to the eardrum may harm hearing.

Causes

Ear infections may cause a ruptured eardrum. This occurs more often in children. The infection causes pus or fluid to build up behind the eardrum. As the pressure increases, the eardrum may break open (rupture).

Damage to the eardrum can also occur from:

• A very loud noise close to the ear, such as a gunshot
• A rapid change in ear pressure, which may occur when flying, scuba diving, or driving in the mountains
• Foreign objects in the ear
• Injury to the ear (such as a powerful slap or explosion)
• Inserting cotton-tipped swabs or small objects into the ear to clean them

Symptoms

Ear pain may suddenly decrease right after your eardrum ruptures.

After the rupture, you may have:

• Drainage from the ear (drainage may be clear, pus, or bloody)
• Ear noise/buzzing
• Earache or ear discomfort
• Hearing loss in the involved ear (hearing loss may not be total)
• Weakness of the face, or dizziness (in more severe cases)

Exams and Tests

The doctor will look in your ear with an instrument called an otoscope. If the eardrum is ruptured, the doctor will see an opening in it. The bones of the middle ear may also be visible.

Pus draining from the ear may make it harder for the doctor to see the eardrum.

Audiology testing can measure how much hearing has been lost.

Treatment

You can take steps at home to treat ear pain.

• Put warm compresses on the ear to help relieve discomfort.
• Use medicines such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen to ease pain.

Keep the ear clean and dry while it is healing.

• Place cotton balls in the ear while showering or shampooing to prevent water from entering the ear.
• Avoid swimming or putting your head underneath the water.

Your health care provider may prescribe antibiotics (oral or ear drops) to prevent or treat an infection.

Sometimes the health care provider may place a patch over the eardrum to speed healing. Surgical repair of the eardrum (tympanoplasty) may be needed if the eardrum does not heal on its own.

Outlook (Prognosis)

The opening in the eardrum usually heals by itself within 2 months. Any hearing loss is most often short-term.

Rarely, other problems may occur, such as:

• Long-term hearing loss
• Spread of infection to the bone behind the ear (mastoiditis)
• Long-term vertigo and dizziness

When to Contact a Medical Professional

If your pain and symptoms improve after your eardrum ruptures, you may wait until the next day to see your health care provider.

Call your health care provider right away after your eardrum ruptures if you:

• Are very dizzy
• Have a fever, general ill feeling, or hearing loss
• Have very bad pain or a loud ringing in your ear
• Have an object in your ear that does not come out
• Have any symptoms that last longer than 2 months after treatment

Prevention

Do not insert objects into the ear canal, even to clean it. Objects stuck in the ear should only be removed by a health care provider. Have ear infections treated promptly.

Alternative Names

Tympanic membrane perforation; Eardrum - ruptured or perforated; Perforated eardrum

References

Buttaravoli P, Leffler SM. Perforated tympanic membrane (ruptured eardrum). In: Buttaravoli P, Leffler SM, eds. Minor Emergencies. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2012:chap 37.

Kerschner JE. Otitis media. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 632.

Update Date: 5/21/2013

Updated by: Ashutosh Kacker, MD, BS, Associate Professor of Otolaryngology, Weill Cornell Medical College, and Associate Attending Otolaryngologist, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Bethanne Black, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

Congratulations to Dr. Rotenberg, Pediatric Neurologist, and Dr. Susarla, Pediatric Pulmonologist, named as Houston Top Docs for 2014

Congratulations to Houston Specialists nominated for recognition by their colleagues!

Dr. Rotenberg, Pediatric Neurologist, Sleep Specialist, Epileptologist &

Dr. Susarla, Pediatric Pulmonologist, Sleep Specialist

named as Houston Top Docs for 2014

Read the article here

What does access to adequate botox treatment do for children with CP? Reduces the need for surgery from 40 to 15%!

I do not understand why I see kids in clinic who have leg or arm spasticity and the families are content to get treatment every year or every 6 months...or worse...not at all!?!  - JR

J Pediatr Orthop B. 2005 Jul;14(4):269-73.

Prevention of severe contractures might replace multilevel surgery in cerebral palsy: results of a population-based health care programme and new techniques to reduce spasticity.

Hägglund G1, Andersson S, Düppe H, Lauge-Pedersen H, Nordmark E, Westbom L.

Author information

Erratum in

• J Pediatr Orthop B. 2005 Sep;14(5):388. Pedertsen, Henrik Lauge [corrected to Lauge-Pedersen, Henrik].

Abstract

During the 1990s three new techniques to reduce spasticity and dystonia in children with cerebral palsy (CP) were introduced in southern Sweden: selective dorsal rhizotomy, continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion and botulinum toxin treatment. In 1994 a CP register and a health care programme, aimed to prevent hip dislocation and severe contractures, were initiated in the area. The total population of children with CP born 1990-1991, 1992-1993 and 1994-1995 was evaluated and compared at 8 years of age. In non-ambulant children the passive range of motion in hip, knee and ankle improved significantly from the first to the later age groups. Ambulant children had similar range of motion in the three age groups, with almost no severe contractures. The proportion of children treated with orthopaedic surgery for contracture or skeletal torsion deformity decreased from 40 to 15% (P = 0.0019). One-fifth of the children with spastic diplegia had been treated with selective dorsal rhizotomy. One-third of the children born 1994-1995 had been treated with botulinum toxin before 8 years of age. With early treatment of spasticity, early non-operative treatment of contracture and prevention of hip dislocation, the need for orthopaedic surgery for contracture or torsion deformity is reduced, and the need for multilevel procedures seems to be eliminated.

PMID:

 

15931031

 

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Cut through the fog: An evidence-based review of treatments for children with cerebral palsy

As a parent, I am also subject to all kinds of claims of efficacy for treatment. 

How can you cut through the fog?

As a member of the Academy of CP and Developmental medicine, I suggest this very readable article for parents of children with CP to educate themselves on best practices.

- Dr. Rotenberg

New Clinical and Research Trends in Lower Extremity Management for Ambulatory Children with Cerebral Palsy

Synopsis

Cerebral palsy is the most prevalent physical disability in childhood and includes a group of disorders with varying manifestations and levels of capability in individuals given this diagnosis. This chapter will focus on current and future intervention strategies for improving mobility and participation over the lifespan for ambulatory children with cerebral palsy (CP). The provision and integration of physical therapy, medical and orthopedic surgery management focused primarily on the lower extremities will be discussed here. Some of the newer trends are: more intense and task-related exercise strategies, greater precision in tone identification and management, and a shift towards musculoskeletal surgery that focuses more on promoting dynamic bony alignment and less on releasing or lengthening tendons. Advances in basic and clinical science and technology development are changing existing paradigms and offering renewed hope for improved functioning for children with CP who are currently facing a lifelong disability with unique challenges at each stage in life.

"... it is the intensity of walking practice, rather than the use of a device, that produces the positive functional outcomes"

Full article here

Does Childhood Asthma Lead to COPD?

Early childhood asthma, particularly when severe, seems to impart risk of COPD - an adult condition associated with abnormal lung function that declines over time faster than the general population.  Can controlling asthma early prevent this? Dr. Susarla

The association between childhood asthma and adult chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

INTRODUCTION:

There is epidemiological evidence to suggest that events in childhood influence lung growth and constitute a significant risk for adult COPD. The aim of the study is to evaluate for an association between childhood asthma and adult COPD.

METHODS:

This longitudinal, prospective study of 6-7-year-old children with asthma has been regularly reviewed every 7 years to the current analysis at 50 years of age. Participants completed respiratory questionnaires and lung function spirometry with postbronchodilator response. At the age of 50, subjects were classified to the following subgroups: non-asthmatics, asthma remission, current asthma and COPD which was defined by FEV₁ to FVC ratio postbronchodilator of less than 0.7.

RESULTS:

Of the remaining survivors, 346 participated in the current study (participation rate of 76%) of whom 197 completed both questionnaire and lung function testing. As compared with children without symptoms of wheeze to the age of 7, (non-asthmatics) children with severe asthma had an adjusted 32 times higher risk for developing COPD (95% CI 3.4 to 269). In this cohort, 43% of the COPD group had never smoked. There was no evidence of a difference in the rate of decline in FEV₁ (mL/year, 95th CI) between the COPD group (17, 10 to 23) and the other groups: non-asthmatics (16, 12 to 21), asthma remission (20, 16 to 24) and current asthma (19, 13 to 25).

CONCLUSIONS:

Children with severe asthma are at increased risk of developing COPD.

Article linked here.

Roche drug cuts asthma attacks, improves lung function -study

"Biological therapies" are the new frontier in asthma treatment, especially for patients with more severe disease. These antibody based medications provide a more targeted  strategy in asthma treatment compared to conventional asthma medications.  Dr. Susarla

Roche drug cuts asthma attacks, improves lung function -study

(Reuters) - An experimental drug reduced asthma attacks in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma by 60 percent and helped improve lung function in certain patients, indicating that the drug could offer the first personalized approach to treatment, according to data from a clinical trial released on Tuesday.

The biotech drug lebrikizumab, which was developed by Roche Holding's Genentech unit, was tested at three doses in patients whose asthma was not sufficiently controlled even with high-dose, inhaled corticosteroids and a second asthma-controlling therapy.

In the 463-patient Phase IIb study, lebrikizumab reduced asthma attacks by a statistically significant 60 percent more than a placebo in patients found to have a high level of the protein periostin, according to pooled data from the three doses tested - 37.5 milligrams, 125 mg and 250 mg. That compared with a 5 percent reduction versus placebo over 28 to 52 weeks of treatment in those with low levels of periostin.

"If this drug gets approved we would have for the first time a personalized approach other than just blanket therapy for everyone with uncontrolled disease," Dr Nicola Hanania, one of the study's lead investigators, said in a telephone interview.

Lebrikizumab works by blocking interleukin-13, or IL-13, which contributes to airway inflammation and mucous production. Periostin is believed to be a biomarker for IL-13 activity and a likely predictor of how well the Roche drug will work.

Roche is also developing a blood test for periostin in order to identify the patients most likely to benefit from lebrikizumab, which is injected once every four weeks.

Hanania, who is director of the Asthma Clinical Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, called the data from the study "very exciting."

In those with severe asthma receiving existing treatments, "we still see patients who still have symptoms, who still have exacerbations, hospital admissions, and this is the type of patient this study was targeting," he said.

Curiously, the greatest level of asthma attack reduction, at 81 percent, was seen with the lowest dose of lebrikizumab, something that Hanania called surprising. Hanania, who presented the data at the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) meeting in San Diego, noted, "Higher is not always the better."

Fifteen percent of the estimated 25 million Americans with asthma suffer from severe asthma, according to the National Institutes of Health. About half of severe asthmatics are believed to have high periostin levels.

Among patients with high level periostin, the drug improved lung function by 9.1 percent after 12 weeks, compared with an improvement of just 2.6 percent in the low periostin group.

Lung function was tested by change in FEV1, a measure of the maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled in one second. The greatest improvement in FEV1, of 10.7 percent, was seen with the 125 mg dose of lebrikizumab.

"Statistically it's significant, and I believe it is clinically significant because it goes hand in hand with reduction in exacerbations," Hanania said of the lung function improvement seen in the high periostin group.

The incidence of serious adverse side effects was low and similar in the lebrikizumab and placebo arms of the study, researchers said.

"The safety profile was very reassuring. Nothing really stood out as major side effect or major serious adverse effect," Hanania said.

If the results are replicated in large, ongoing Phase III trials that will include more than 2,000 patients, Roche said it expects to seek approval for the drug in 2016.

"As a clinician, this is important because there is a great need for additional therapy for those with poorly controlled asthma," Hanania said. "It's a light at the end of the tunnel."

Read article here.

Diuretic may treat autism, study in rodents suggests

While this is a rat model, it offers some biologic evidence for an earlier treatment trial in humans. Interestingly, there are many papers about using diuretics in seizures in infants. JR

Diuretic may treat autism, study in rodents suggests

Drug that affects brain chloride levels staves off symptoms in mice and rats

BY LAURA SANDERS 

2:00PM, FEBRUARY 6, 2014

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Curbing chloride in nerve cells could combat symptoms of autism, a study of rats and mice suggests. The results may explain why a small group of children with autism seemed to improve after taking the common diuretic bumetanide in an earlier study.
The new details of how bumetanide works, published in the Feb. 7 Science, provide important clues about how autism spectrum disorders arise in a developing brain, says Susan Connors, an autism specialist at Massachusetts General Hospital for Children in Boston ....
article here

Here is the abstract of the human study....

Transl Psychiatry. Dec 2012; 2(12): e202.

PMCID: PMC3565189
A randomised controlled trial of bumetanide in the treatment of autism in children
E Lemonnier,1,2,* C Degrez,1 M Phelep,1 R Tyzio,3 F Josse,1 M Grandgeorge,1,2 N Hadjikhani,4,5 and Y Ben-Ari3,*

Go to:
Abstract
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated synapses and the oscillations they orchestrate are altered in autism. GABA-acting benzodiazepines exert in some patients with autism paradoxical effects, raising the possibility that like in epilepsies, GABA excites neurons because of elevated intracellular concentrations of chloride. Following a successful pilot study,1 we have now performed a double-blind clinical trial using the diuretic, chloride-importer antagonist bumetanide that reduces intracellular chloride reinforcing GABAergic inhibition. Sixty children with autism or Asperger syndrome (3–11 years old) received for 3 months placebo or bumetanide (1 mg daily), followed by 1-month wash out. Determination of the severity of autism was made with video films at day 0 (D0) and D90 by blind, independent evaluators. Bumetanide reduced significantly the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) (D90−D0; P<0 .004="" a="" above="" accuracy="" activation="" adjikhani="" agent="" al.="" an="" and="" are="" areas="" autism.="" autism="" best="" better="" brain="" bumetanide="" cases="" chronic="" clinical="" companion="" determine="" diagnostic="" effects="" emotional="" et="" facial="" for="" global="" hypokalaemia="" ilcoxon="" impressions="" improved="" in="" increased="" involved="" is="" k="" l="" labelling="" larger="" mean="" mild="" mm="" most="" n="9)" novel="" observation="" occasional="" p-value="0.017)." p="" perception="" placebo="" population="" potassium.="" promising="" removed="" restricted="" s.d.="" s="" schedule="" severe="" side="" significantly="" social="" student="" study="" submitted="" suited="" supplemental="" t-test:="" test:="" that="" the="" therapeutic="" therefore="" this="" to="" treat="" treated="" treatment.="" treatment="" trials="" values="" vs="" warranted="" was="" were="" when="" with="">
Keywords: autism, bumetanide, clinical trial, diuretics, GABA

Sugar doesn’t make kids hyper, and other parenting myths

Sugar, shoes, sleep, baby Mozart....parenting is hard enough without added "wisdom". Our oldest has come to understand that we have a

learning curve. JR

Baby shoes didn’t feature prominently into Baby V’s wardrobe for quite some time. Tiny Chuck Taylors are adorable, obviously, but I questioned their utility for a baby who didn’t use her feet except as wiggly pacifiers. So Baby V spent a lot of time barefoot — a fashion statement that I didn’t really consider until she started toddling around in public. 

Well-meaning observers were quick to tell me that I needed to get that baby some nice stiff shoes. Hard soles will help her get the hang of walking and protect her delicate baby feet, I was told. But when I started looking into this advice, I actually found the opposite is true: These days, people recommend that babies learning to walk wear soft, flexible shoes, or better yet, go barefoot. The minimalist footwear allows the nascent walkers the most sensory feedback from their sweet little feet as they move across the earth.

I offer the shoe advice as just one tiny glimpse into the life of a parent of a young kid. Over the last year, I’ve come to learn that much of the advice I’ve heard, while well-intentioned, might just be wrong. Or at the very least, questionable. So here are my top five parenting myths (shoes didn’t make the cut), with a little dash of science.

1. Sugar makes kids hyper.

Lots of parents swear that a single hit of birthday cake holds the power to morph their well-behaved, polite youngster into a sticky hot mess that careens around a room while emitting eardrum-piercing shrieks. Anyone who has had the pleasure to attend a 5-year-old’s birthday party knows that the hypothesis sounds reasonable, except that science has found that it’s not true.

Sugar doesn’t change kids’ behavior, a double-blind research study found way back in 1994. A sugary diet didn’t affect behavior or cognitive skills, the researchers report. Sugar does change one important thing, though: parents’ expectations. After hearing that their children had just consumed a big sugar fix, parents were more likely to say their child was hyperactive, even when the big sugar fix was a placebo, another study found.

Of course, there are plenty of good reasons not to feed your kids a bunch of sugar, but fear of a little crazed sugar monster isn’t one of them.

2. Listening to Mozart makes babies smarter.

My colleague Rachel Ehrenberg busted this “Mozart Effect” myth in her 2010 feature. The original observation, that 10 minutes of classical music made college students briefly perform better on a paper-folding task, was twisted so out of context that the governor of Georgia used tax money to buy a classical music CD for every baby born in the state.

Many babies adore music, and there’s evidence that suggests music might help soothe babies. There’s also evidence that playing an instrument might be beneficial to brain development, as Ehrenberg points out. But scientists haven’t found that classical music makes your baby smarter. So play music to your child because she loves it and you love it, not because you’re looking to grub a few extra IQ points.

3. Feeding a baby solid food will help her sleep through the night.

Your baby is waking up in the night? Just put some rice cereal in the last bottle before bed, well-intentioned observers urge. The solid food will fill baby’s tummy and keep her satisfied longer, which translates to fewer wakeups. Except that it doesn’t.

Babies fed rice cereal before bedtime slept no better than babies fed only breast milk or formula, a study found. In fact, early introduction to solid food (before 4 months) has been associated with worse infant sleep.  The magical cure of feeding a baby solids before bedtime belongs at the top of the heaping pile of sleep miracles that sound great but don’t really work. And speaking of rice cereal…

Full Article HERE